Historia Minima De Colombia | 480p |

The horror produced a political pact: . The Liberal and Conservative parties agreed to alternate the presidency (4 years each) and share all bureaucratic posts 50-50. This stopped the party-based civil war. But it also closed the political system to outsiders. How do you protest when both official parties agree to exclude you? You take up arms.

(President Juan Manuel Santos, Nobel Peace Prize) disarmed the FARC, converting it into a legal political party. It was a historic achievement. But the plebiscite to approve it won by "No"—a razor-thin rejection showing that half of Colombia did not want to negotiate with "terrorists." Historia minima de Colombia

In 1930, the Liberals won power peacefully for the first time. President (1934–38) launched a "Revolución en Marcha" : land reform, labor rights, and secular education. Conservatives screamed "communism." But the world economy was volatile. The 1929 crash and the 1940s war disrupted trade. Then, in 1946, a schism: the Liberal Party split between the moderate Alberto Lleras Camargo and the populist firebrand Jorge Eliécer Gaitán . Gaitán mobilized the urban poor and the rural peasants with a message: "The country is not a political machine, it is a human drama." His murder on April 9, 1948, would end the Coffee Republic and open the abyss. Part VI: La Violencia and the National Front (1946–1974) April 9, 1948: Gaitán is shot outside his office in Bogotá. The Bogotazo riots kill 2,000, burn half the city center, and spark a guerrilla war in the countryside. The Conservative president, Mariano Ospina Pérez , responded with state terror. Liberal peasants formed guerrillas of self-defense; Conservative landowners paid pájaros (birds—hired killers). The death toll of La Violencia (1946–1965) is estimated at 200,000 to 300,000 dead, and over 2 million displaced in a nation of 11 million. The horror produced a political pact:

Bolívar dreamed of a unitary state (Gran Colombia, including today's Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama). Santander, a lawyer from Cúcuta, believed in a federal, law-bound republic. Their rupture in 1828—Bolívar declared himself dictator, an assassination attempt followed, and Santander was exiled—set the template for Colombian politics: . When Bolívar died in 1830 (of tuberculosis, bitter and impoverished), Gran Colombia dissolved. The remaining territory, República de la Nueva Granada , was a rump state: mountainous, underpopulated, and destined for 19th-century chaos. Part IV: The 19th Century of Civil Wars (1830–1902) Colombia fought eight major civil wars in the 1800s, plus dozens of minor revolts. The fundamental conflict was not ideological but territorial. Conservatives wanted a strong central church and government; Liberals wanted decentralized power, secular education, and free trade. But because geography made national armies almost impossible to move (a march from Bogotá to Cartagena took two months), every region felt it could secede or rebel with impunity. But it also closed the political system to outsiders